Reading QOTD (2009-02-28)

K.A. Cuordileone, “Cold War Political Culture and the Crisis in American Masculinity,” in the Journal of American History, discussing Schlesinger’s The Vital Center:

… [T]he totalitarian masses appear not just soft or emasculated, but downright sexually perverse in their “totalitarian psychosis,” their desire for “violent gratification,” their “losing of self in masochism or sadism,” their “masochistic delight in accepting correction.” “No one should be surprised,” Schlesinger insisted, “at the eagerness for personal humiliation,” for “the whole thrust of totalitarian indoctrination… is to destroy the boundaries of individual personality.” Quotidian totalitarian man assumes the feminine, submissive role in The Vital Center, yielding repeatedly to the “thrust” of totalitarianism, its “deep and driving faith,” its “half-concealed exercises in penetration and manipulation.” [emphasis mine] … If the reader has yet to grasp the essential point about Communism: it “perverts politics into something secret, sweaty and furtive like nothing so much… as homosexuality in a boys’ school; many practicing it, but all those caught to be caned by the headmaster.”

I think Arthur Schlesinger has some deep and unabiding desires he’s not telling us about.

Reading QOTD (2009-02-25)

From the annotations to Spenser’s Faerie Queene (does one italicize “Faerie Queene,” or put it in quotes? or inverted commas? which are the same thing? why did I end the preceding phrase with a question mark?) in the Norton Anthology of English Literature:

That Spenser contemplated (as he proceeds to indicate) a poem four times as long as the six books we now have rather staggers the imagination.

I was already feeling slightly pretentious for slogging through Spenser over tea. That, one of the most rarefied annotations I’ve ever read in a modern edition of something, totally just upped the ante.

Campus Dailywatch (2009-02-25)

There was a great letter to the editor in Haverford-Bryn Mawr’s Bi-College News today. I don’t really have anything to add, so I’ll just wholesale blockquote:

Elizabeth Held’s February 17 article “SGA Talks Plenary” surprised me greatly, not due to the overall content or the writing style, but because it referred to Alex T. BMC ‘09 with female pronouns.

I do not wish to speak for T., but as an acquaintance I believe that I can say with relative certainty that he prefers male pronouns and identifies not as a female but as a female-to-male transgendered person. If Ms. Held was confused or disoriented by T.’s gender presentation, or was unsure as to how to refer to him in print, then as a responsible journalist she should have asked.

In light of this confusion, it seems ironic that T. will be presenting a resolution having to do with gender-inclusive language in the Bryn Mawr Consitution and community. Perhaps we need that resolution more than we think we do.

Amanda Darby BMC ‘10

I remember some vague ruckus about this particular trans guy and his place at a women’s college; certainly there was that NYT Magazine article last year about young FTM (female-to-male transgendered) folks at women’s colleges. All my admittedly very sexist opinions about the place for women’s colleges in our society aside, I think Amanda Darby’s letter was absolutely spot-on. The kids at Bryn Mawr and Haverford do great things; I wish Princeton students had half their cultural awareness. But trans people—particularly young trans people, a relatively new phenomenon as people start to come out earlier—still tend to fly under the radar. There are ways, I think, to raise awareness about gender identity even on a campus where there might be only one or two out trans students, and this is really something we should be starting to do now that sex and sexual orientation awareness are becoming more normalized on-campus.

So yeah. Thank you so much, Amanda Darby, for bringing this to Haverford’s, Bryn Mawr’s, and my attention.

On Kinsey and His Methodology

We read excerpts from Sexual Behavior of the Human Male and Sexual Behavior of the Human Female, Alfred Kinsey‘s meisterwerks (sp?), in my sex and gender class, and I was trying to remember where I’d read the Ginsberg reference that led me to believe once and for all that Kinsey’s methodology was flawed. Well, seeing that I own about as many books by or about Allen Ginsberg as the Princeton University Library (okay, that was slightly hyperbolic, but only slightly), it didn’t take that long. This is from p. 66 of Bill Morgan’s biography of Ginsberg, I Celebrate Myself:

[Herbert] Huncke seemed to know everyone worth knowing on the street, from criminals to policemen. In fact, in 1945 Professor Alfred Kinsey was canvassing people in the Angler Bar as research for his pioneering study of American sexual practices. He recognized Huncke as someone who could secure interesting subjects for his study, and he offered Huncke a few dollars to bring him people willing to talk anonymously about their sex lives. Huncke was more than willing to oblige. He brought Ginsberg, Burroughs, and Kerouac to Kinsey for study and their interviews were integrated into his monumental study, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, published in 1948. Allen’s responses undoubtedly were the most uninteresting of the group, since he was still a virgin.

Yeah, that last sentence is a bit funny—but I think the prevailing attitude is “come on!” Huncke was a transient drug addict who knew his way around the underworld and counterculture of ’40s New York. He slept with both men and women, and he brought Kinsey the trio—Kerouac, Burroughs, and Ginsberg. Kerouac, though he regarded himself as straight, had slept with men before; Burroughs, despite his common-law marriage, enjoyed his North African boys; Ginsberg hadn’t quite decided what he was in 1945, but his long relationship with Peter Orlovsky kind of turned him into a gay icon. And now let’s think: if you want to do a scientific study on the “sexual behavior of the human male,” and you want to extrapolate statistics such as what percent of the male population has had sex with a man, does it really make a lot of sense to seek out like the four men in New York who would actually admit to it?

Yeah, Kinsey was still ground-breaking, I think. But it was more in what he was willing to study than in his actual findings.

On a semi-unrelated note, I wonder if I, college freshman that I am, am really entitled to pontificate on quasi-intellectual matters when I haven’t the education or broad base of general knowledge to draw any informed conclusions. Your thoughts on the validity of my pontifications are always welcome. There’s a comments box below.

Reading Quote of the Day (2009-02-22)

I found it in my school reading (Marian Mollin, Radical Pacifism in Modern America), but I think it’s of more importance than that. The quote is “Speak truth to power,” and it’s a Quaker thing: it came from 18th-century Quakers, but was adopted as the title of a 1955 pamphlet produced by the American Friends Service Committee. According to my reading, it “made both ‘a pointed indictment of military power’ and a social scientific argument for pacifism while emphasizing the power of individual action to effect change.”

How cool is that? Not just the nonviolence stuff, and not just the fact that it’s historically interesting to see the origins of the ’60s and ’70s anti-war movement in the mid-’50s. Those four words, “Speak truth to power,” are incredibly potent. They embody, I think, so much of what it means to be a voice against the established wisdom of the day, especially a voice for peace when the “power” wants to use its military might to control everything as far as the eye can see. It’s also a phrase I’d invoke today, when urging the current presidential administration to investigate the crimes of the last one, or when speaking up for a minority group to assure those who make the decisions that our voices do matter. These are four words of immense visual significance, which to me invoke all the greatest images of nonviolent demonstration of the past century. They bring to mind seas of strong, silent individuals who are gathered as one, holding signs and singing and standing up against all odds for what is right.

If you haven’t heard, NYU had some excitement last week. You should click on those links for more information, but basically a group called “Take Back NYU!” barricaded themselves inside the third floor of NYU’s student center, filled with shouting and demands, asking their university powers to do everything from freeze tuition to establish a socially responsible investment policy to give aid to war-torn Gaza. It was a mixed-up set of demands, and an ill-thought-out protest. It was disbanded after 36 hours; some students were disciplined and some will lose their college housing.

A lot of left-leaning college folks criticized this protest. I don’t blame them. It was a bit naïve and juvenile, really. It looked like a cheap knock-off of The New School’s December protest. I have some similar views, and I’m worried about the future of collegiate direct action, now that TBNYU has made it seem so risible and has incurred snark from exactly the people who I wish would support something like this. But I can’t find it in me to fault those kids. I can’t find it in me to belittle them, or laugh at them, or say they were wrong to do what they did. Maybe they didn’t exactly think things through. But I think I understand how it must be to feel so disenfranchised, and so angry, that you have to scream and you have to take action. There have been many times in my life, in high school and in college, when if I hadn’t been the only person who felt that way and if I had been something more of a natural leader, I would have taken similar action. I have to admire the bravery of kids who didn’t back down in the face of disciplinary reprisal, who were willing to risk arrest or injury for what they believed in, however muddled that belief may have been.

I was raised by pinko commie parents; I was indoctrinated to believe in the beauty and power of nonviolent action. I grew up thinking that you can get something done by gathering in large numbers and speaking out for it. I grew up thinking that there is an inherent good in speaking truth to power. So yeah, I’m biased. I’m way biased. But it seems to me that the TBNYU kids set out with the goal of speaking truth to power, and in my mind that all fuses with decades of marches on Washington and marches in New York and San Francisco; it’s one of those movie montages that stretches from the Bonus Marchers to the Prop. 8 protest I went to in New York in November. It’s “Peace now, freedom now!” “We shall overcome!” “Hell no, we won’t go!” and “Solidarity forever!” Last November, for me, it was “Marriage is a civil right!” It all streams together with kids—they’re just kids—turning down the food they were offered when they locked themselves in a building at NYU because it wasn’t vegan. And it becomes one long saga of speaking to power that brings very impressed tears to my eyes.

Thoughts on Facebook and Identity

I signed up for Facebook in tenth grade, the day the website became available to non-college students. There were a lot of reasons for this: I wanted to keep in touch with college friends who were using Facebook, I saw its “clean” look as a welcome change from MySpace, and it was very skewed towards the ability-to-form-complete-sentences demographic. But most of all, I think I joined Facebook—and then began to spend unreasonable amounts of time logged into it—because of the news feed.

I’ve always had a stalker instinct, but Facebook is the best way I’ve ever encountered to privately observe what someone chooses to make publicly available about him- or herself. My obsession with the news feed allows me to comment on the notes full of in-jokes that my friends post, or to be privately bitchy about the inane and unsuccessful lives of my old enemies. And when I meet someone in a class or at a party, and subsequently look them up on Facebook, praying that they’ve made their profile public to the Princeton network, what that relative stranger has chosen to put on his or her profile instantly shapes my first impressions. The profile picture, the favorite books and movies, how many and what kinds of applications—all these things help me to fit that new acquaintance into my life, and I often feel as if I get to know very well someone I’ve only met once or twice in real life simply by following what shows up in the news feed.

Whatever our individual levels of obsession with Facebook, though (and I’m sure there are some folks out there who are just as fixated as I am), I think we all must realize that someone’s profile can only give a very limited impression of who they really are. As we, the college-educated youth who make up Facebook’s primary demographic, seek to define ourselves and shape our public identity through the pieces of our profiles Facebook lets us fill in, we’re constrained by what it considers important or relevant information. And so our first impressions of people we friend—whether they be new acquaintances, or old classmates we haven’t seen since elementary school, or distant relatives—are so often determined by those first few fields in the Facebook profile: “Interested in.” “Looking for.” “Relationship Status.” “Political Views.” “Religious Views.” Mark Zuckerberg determined the makeup of our vital statistics, and these in combination with our profile pictures become the sum of our identities.

But while a lot of folks, I think, are relieved by the way that Facebook allowed them to divorce themselves from the sense-bombarding world of MySpace bad HTML, just as many feel constrained by the limits of these Zuckerberg-assigned markers of identity. Just look at the campaign that was waged a couple of years ago in a series of groups and petitions that successfully opened up the “Political Views” field to more options than simply a spectrum of five discrete values, ranging from “Very Liberal” to “Very Conservative.” Somehow, an open box makes encapsulating one’s political or religious philosophy in a few words so much easier, and it certainly serves to mollify those folks who, whether their profile now declares them to be “socialist” or “libertarian,” see their political identity as falling outside a liberal-conservative spectrum. The fact that one can now choose from a much wider set of options, including established political parties from a variety of countries, or type anything one wants into the box, creates at least the illusion of freedom, the ability for teenagers and young adults to pick exactly the right words with exactly the right connotations to declare themselves to other people, shaping strangers’ perceptions in exactly the right way.

Another labeling war that still continues—and, one could argue, is being lost by those seeking more freedom in self-identification—is the sex/gender/orientation war. Here Facebook’s reliance on discrete quantities is unyieldingly absolute: one is strongly encouraged to select one’s “Sex” as “male” or “female,” to check either or both of the “men” and “women” boxes under “Interested in,” and to thus publicly shape one’s sexual identity as a totally binary one. This is not at all surprising, in a society that reinforces the strict absolutes of male and female or gay and straight, but it’s as constricting—if not more so—than the limited political options ever were.

And yet, unlike the expansion of the political spectrum, Facebook has if anything become more binary, more gender-essentialist. Just last summer, a message popped up on everyone’s Facebook homepage, asking them to pick a pronoun: would you, dear user, prefer to show up on other folks’ news feeds as “he” or “she”? It was a pretty weighty question, and when it was asked of me, even I, who have never used anything but female pronouns, found myself hesitating. What a huge decision, regardless of one’s own identity, one’s own labels, to have to determine which set of cultural stereotypes one wishes to align oneself with—and on Facebook, of all things, where the design of one’s profile is so fraught with presenting oneself exactly as one wants to be perceived. I chose “she” in the end, as I’d known I would, but the answer wasn’t so easy for some transgender and genderqueer folks I know, whose identity is in effect ignored by the man-woman dichotomy that Facebook’s labels enforce.

Facebook, of course, is a reflection of our society, with regard to both the people who designed and maintain it and the people who use it. Politics got diversified where sexual and gender identities didn’t, because, demographically speaking, far more people desire to label themselves as “socialist” or “libertarian” than desire to label themselves, say, “genderqueer” or “pansexual.” I don’t need to do a scientific study to declare that for the majority of Facebook users, choosing between “male” and “female” or picking a pronoun simply doesn’t lead to major philosophical conundra. And so the minority for whom this is an enormous deal find themselves relegated to user-created applications such as “SGO” (which stands for “sex/gender/orientation,” and provides more options than Facebook’s own fields) or “Relationships+” (which allows non-monogamous folks more choices than the familiar “single”/”in a relationship”/”it’s complicated” drop-down box can provide). They find themselves unable to sustain the critical mass, or to impress upon Facebook’s staff the importance of their cause, to properly effect the change they want to see. And that’s not too different, retrograde though it may be, from the fact that same-sex marriage is illegal in most states, or from the difficulty transgender folks have getting their identification documents to reflect their correct gender.

But Facebook has a unique hold over undergraduates nationwide—particularly, I think, here in the Ivy League, where it began—and so it’s as much a shaping agent of our cultural norms and expectations as it is a reflection of them. Most folks, I think, don’t question the nature of the fields as they fill them in, and so Facebook subconsciously encourages one to choose from the available options, to come up with something to put in that box, instead of seeking out a different label or deciding to reject labels altogether. Indeed, until I started thinking about writing this article, it didn’t occur to me to wonder about what Facebook and its creators think to be most important: why are someone’s religious and political views listed above their favorite books or movies? Why are education and work history what you have to scroll down to see? And why, exactly, are we listening to what some Westchester County-born, Exeter- and Harvard-educated billionaire wunderkind thinks should be the most important pieces of someone’s identity? Why are we letting him break us down into discrete quantities so that we can fill out a social-networking profile?

It is the prerogative of the teenager or young adult—the college kid—to seek definitions and labels, to form an adult identity by exploring what one is and what one is not, and to ally oneself with different groups, ideals, and stereotypes. At Princeton (or so it seems to this freshman), one forms one’s identity on the basis of a collection of facts: things like major, hometown, extracurricular activities, and eating club membership. And perhaps that’s why the profiles of adults of our parents’ generation who have recently begun to join Facebook are so very different from ours. Many of them don’t seem to know what to do with the boxes Facebook expects them to type in—trying to force the text fields to accommodate more fluid prose, or not writing anything at all. By doing so, they are quite evidently using Facebook for a very different purpose than I and a lot of other 18-to-25-year-olds are. To generalize, they seek to communicate on a personal level—to keep in touch with old college friends, or post pictures of their vacations and their children. We, by contrast, seek to broadcast, to declare, to pontificate, to make some statement about who we are and what we value. Interpersonal communication is secondary. We are all about one-to-many, not one-to-one.

It would be easy to cast this contrast as a generation gap, something that is unique to Generation Y in the Age of the Internet. But instead, I think it’s definitional of young people as a whole, the need to label, to box, to pigeonhole—and to broadcast. It’s identifiable in youth politics, popular culture, and all the facets of collegiate, adolescent life since the 20th century made the concept of youth culture identifiable.

As much as it’s deplorable to me that a majority view of what is essential to a social-networking profile means that minority identities go ignored, all this is what’s so alluring to me about Facebook, and why I reflexively load its homepage every time I open my browser. Yes, Facebook makes a personal appeal to my stalker instinct, and allows me to fulfill my petty desire to compare myself favorably to the folks I went to school with. But I think that I created a profile back in tenth grade because I was desperately eager to shape a picture of myself that I could share with the world. I wanted to break down all my wants and needs and desires, all my inner confusion, all my crises of self-identification, into easily-explained quantities that I could share with the world and exchange with others. It has never been easier to proclaim my cultural allegiances or to define myself by what I’m not—and the nature of the entire phenomenon of youth identities has never been more disconcertingly apparent.

Campus Dailywatch (2009-02-18)

Today’s Dartmouth has a pretty inane op-ed about Cornell’s LGBT group’s Valentine’s Day kiss-in, half of which just summarizes the Cornell Daily Sun article about the kiss-in and the other half of which states some things that seem pretty self-evident to me:

But at the same time, I think the shock value some of us find in “Queer Kissin’” says a lot about where we stand as a culture. We may be a relatively tolerant generation — on an intellectual level — but, in practice, we are not nearly as accepting as we claim to be. The Cornell kiss-in encourages us to reevaluate and question the tacit beliefs and prejudices we may not have known we had. By pulling these skeletons out of the closet, I think, we as a society can grow more accepting and understanding of varying opinions and lifestyles.

As if this is a unique discovery that Kevin Niparko ’12 (the author of the column) made himself! At Princeton, I’ve talked to quite a few people in the past week who said that they were all for gay rights, but why did the Pride Alliance’s “LOVE = LOVE” posters, featuring same-sex couples kissing, have to shove it in their faces? This is hardly an unusual phenomenon.

People like relationships—or anything else—that they can identify and classify. If a same-sex relationship can effectively be disguised as an opposite-sex relationship, and if all mention of the fact that the same-sex couple might be having sex is omitted, then we can reliably pretend that our conception of normativity and morality isn’t being challenged. But that’s no way to tolerance, really. It’s more along the lines of forced assimilation. We’ve got to take the “but” out of “I’m all for gay rights, but…”—and I don’t think it takes a Dartmouth freshman to point that out.

The day I knew I wasn’t in high school anymore

Was in the first week of this semester, three weeks ago, when my history of sexuality professor mentioned in passing that Jane Addams, the influential 20th-century reformer famous for her work in the settlement house movement, had a long-term female romantic partner. I’d had a decent high-school American history education; we’d learned who Jane Addams was. But to learn that she was in—gasp!—a same-sex relationship, and to have the professor mention it so nonchalantly, so usually? That was when things changed.

I’m still struggling to learn the modes of thought that go with real academic study. The transition to analysis, from the fact-based modes of learning and regurgitating that I learned in high school, is proving astonishingly difficult. And so it’s these little pieces of trivia that still fascinate me, almost more than the almost unbelievably higher level that all my classes operate on, and how blindingly intelligent my professors are. And so this fact stuck with me—not because it was a gay-themed fact, or a “liberal” fact, but because we as students are no longer accepting the facts as they are fed us. We are no longer accepting the spoon-fed narrative of American history that goes Pilgrims—Revolution—frontier—Civil War—Gilded Age—progressives—some more wars—freedom and democracy! I’m taking three classes this semester on American history and society, and they overlap a ton, which is fantastic, because between the three of them I’m filling in these gaping holes created by the omission of everything wrong that America has done, or social categories and questions considered too complex or controversial for treatment by a high-school classroom or an Advanced Placement curriculum.

And I almost don’t regret it being 1am and exhausted and not having finished my reading, or how soul-sapping working hard is, or not having a social life really (not that I ever had one to begin with). This shit is just so incredible that I’m in awe every single day of something I read or something one of my professors said or something that came up in a conversation with my friends at mealtime. It makes me think, too, that even if analytical and critical thinking isn’t coming so instantaneously to me, that this passion for the subjects I’m studying is enough that I can learn those modes of breaking down the facts. That graduate school and academia is a possibility. What my 19 years as the brattiest academic brat I’ve ever met have taught me are that more than anything else for getting along in academia, you need utmost passion about a subject. Well, I think I’ve got the passion—I just need to, a few years from now, figure out what to direct it at.

On a semi-related note, it’s validating to know that I can create my own little ivory tower within an ivory tower, and not be constrained to a “typical” Princeton undergraduate experience. I don’t want to prescribe what that typical experience is, but I think we’ve all got a pretty good idea what I’m getting at. Another “big idea” I’ve been learning this year is that Princeton can be all things to all people, and that there are other undergraduates who are essentially going to a completely different university from mine. I’m not happy 24/7 with the university I’m “building,” and I think I’m still adjusting to collegiate life, but it just keeps getting better and better. And I’m so grateful every day for the people who reinforce my desire to give in to my inner nerd, to talk about things I haven’t mentioned since I started socialization five years ago. In the past couple months, I’ve gone back to movies and books and music I haven’t touched since I was fourteen because I suddenly realized again what it was like to be passionate about these academic trivia. When I decided to start learning about Old English over intersession, I had a flash of memory of the time my family went to Powell’s Books in Portland, my dad said I could get one book, and I picked a 700-page academic tract about the 1745-6 Jacobite rebellion. I think I was twelve or thirteen, and I read the book all the way through, too, though the picture inserts were my favorite part—and I think they probably still are, of any book like that.

I still can’t control my book-buying habit; I still can’t resist reading aloud to my roommates every single passage in my school books that I think is cool. And although I’ll go to Terrace of an evening, and although I’m trying out this very new idea of training at my journalistic craft, the utter joy I’ve felt of being able to reclaim the almost carnal joy that comes from trivia and facts and as much scholarship as a college freshman can muster—this, this is amazing and validating and so utterly beautiful.

Reading Quote of the Day (2009-02-17)

I was going to call this a “fun fact,” and then I realized it wasn’t that fun. From Margot Canaday, “Building a Straight State: Sexuality and Social Citizenship under the 1944 GI Bill”:

Much less commonly remarked upon [when considering GI benefits] is a 1945 Veterans Administration ruling that denied G.I. Bill benefits to any soldier with an undesirable discharge “issued because of homosexual acts or tendencies.” The G.I. Bill deserves consideration by historians because it was the first federal policy that explicitly excluded gays and lesbians from the economic benefits of the welfare state.

WOW. From a history of sexuality perspective (a subdiscipline I’m growing ever more passionate about), that’s an incredibly interesting fact.

One of the main themes we’re learning about in the class I did that reading for (Gender and Sexuality in Modern America) is the idea of “institutionalized heterosexuality.” This refers to the trend, as the American state got ever larger in the 20th century, to enshrine the traditional nuclear family in law and exclude LGBT folks from the benefits given to the traditional nuclear family. This can include more obvious things, like marriage law, but also things like how postwar social security benefits were initially distributed in a way that favored a family where the husband was the breadwinner and the wife was dependent on him. This is something that it would never have occurred to me to consider in a million years… which is why, I suppose, I’m going to college and am strongly considering studying history.

Okay. I’ve got about 80 more pages of reading to go.

Reading Quote of the Day (2009-02-15)

I find myself reading 100+ pages a day for my classes, far more even than my investment of time in our country’s college dailies, so I expect my reading is deserving of its own semi-regular feature on this blog as well.

From Roger Rinke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776-1990:

Indeed, how could demographers, and especially their graduate students, fail to notice a whole shelf of books of religious statistics located alongside the regular census volumes? [emphasis mine]

Oh, those pesky grad students, never doing their advisors’ work for them well enough.